Competition policy contributes to improving economic performance through increased innovation, productivity and investment. The aim of this article is to analyse the solutions adopted within the framework of competition policy in Argentina in the years 1923–2023 and to indicate their impact on the current level of international competitiveness. Argentina is singled out here as a case study because it is one of the first Latin American countries to introduce competition policy, and on the other hand, the specific economic situation (systemic debt, chronic inflation, instability, alternating periods of prosperity and numerous deep economic crises) forces the adoption of new, effective solutions. The article divides competition policy into two main periods and indicates the main differences. Then, the current level of international competitiveness is analysed and the areas that constitute its weakest links and require particularly effective actions within the framework of the new economic strategy are indicated.